Neurology

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Anemia

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definition   :  a condition in which there is a deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness symptome : Easy fatigue and loss of energy. Unusually rapid heart beat, particularly with exercise. Shortness of breath and headache, particularly with exercise. Difficulty concentrating. Dizziness. Pale skin. Leg cramps. inominua                                                                                                                              causes : iron deficiency b12 deficiency and folate deficiency decrese blood cell production  blood loss red blood cell destruction ( extra and intra hemolys...
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humoral immunity

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definition :  ( CD20 ) antibody mediated which is the function of B-cells , it is converted into plasma cells taht produce antibody IgA IgM IgG IgD IgE . IgA : surface antibody attack bacteria on the body surface like GI lumen respiratory lumen IgM : the largest and first one produced in responce to bacteria means acute infection . IgG : the smallest , only that cross the placenta , remains in serum as memory for old infection . IgE : responsible fpr allergy stimulate mast cells to release histamine . IgD : least important deficiency in humoral immunity increase risk of infection mainly bacteria ( encapsulated ) 
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cephalosporins

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gram- dont develop resistence eaisly 1st generation ( cephalexin , cefazolin )  mainly gram+, strepto and staph so important for skin infection  can be used to treat some cases of UTI  2nd generation ( cefuroxime , cefoxitin )  more gram- than 1st and also cover gram+ , so mainly used to treat UTI gram- and some gram+ strepto infection like tosillitis otitis media ... cefoxitin also cover anaerobics ( GI flora ) best choice of GI surgery prophylaxis ... 3rd generations (ceftrixone , cefotaxime ceftazidim ) excellent gram- so used to treat UTI  encapsulated bacteria such as pnemo ,meningo , Hib  cross blood brain barrier so its important for meningitis  gonorrhea  dont cover staph dont cover anaerobics  ceftazidine the only that covers pseudomonas aerogenosa ...
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